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Hypogonadism

What is Hypogonadism?

Hypogonadism occurs when the ovaries or testes (gonads) do not produce enough gonadal hormones (progesterone, estrogen, and testosterone). The ovaries or testes atrophy (shrink), so they cannot produce enough germ cells (ova or sperm). Hypogonadism affects the growth of the brain, bone, muscle, fat, body hair, and breasts.

The pituitary gland in the brain controls gonadal hormones, which determine the sex of a fetus, when a child matures into an adult, and reproductive function. Primary hypogonadism is a problem with the ovaries or testes. Secondary hypogonadism is a result of a problem with the pituitary gland.

When Does Hypogonadism Occur?

People of any age can develop hypogonadism. If a fetus develops hypogonadism, then it may have sexual ambiguity – the genitals may not appear clearly male or female (hermaphrodite). If a child develops hypogonadism, then he or she may not enter puberty. If a young person develops hypogonadism, then he or she will be infertile and may be sexually dysfunctional.

Normal hypogonadism happens during menopause, around age 51, when women’s production of estrogen and progesterone decreases as the childbearing years end. Many young women are in early menopause because of hysterectomy, kidney failure, cancer treatment, or ovarian failure. Men can develop androgen deficiency (andropause, male menopause, or late-onset hypogonadism) after age 50 and often earlier.

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